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1.How cultural affect the ethics?
One of the most significant issues 21st century businesses will face is the differences that exist in
multicultural societies. Each culture has its own understanding of ethical behavior, and different
cultural standards may apply in the marketplace. Successful businesses have traditionally focused
their energy on marketing strategy, product development and pricing. The new realities of the 21st
century marketplace will force businesses to make allowance in all their operations for both a diverse
workforce, and a diverse customer base
Business In Japan
Companies contemplating operations in Japan should take some time to gain an understanding of
how culture affects business in Japan. For example, a Western business executive may use and
understand the phrase, "Let's not lose our heads," but her Japanese counterpart may be very
confused and bewildered by the use of such a phrase. Other expectations include removing your
shoes when expected by your host, not raising your voice or simply understanding that you should
accept a gift with two hands. Practical expectations include printing business cards with Japanese
on one side and English on the other, and displaying respect for the practice of consensus building
when making important decisions
Business in China
When doing business in China, it is wise to remember that ancient cultural practices are still
important to the Chinese business executive of the 21st century. The Chinese expect that each
person understands and complies with their proper place in society. The Chinese value the idea of
"saving face," which means that in any transaction you will do nothing that diminishes a person's
position or authority. The Chinese also follow the practice of granting favors to people with which
they have a relationship. If a Chinese businessperson grants you favored status in a business deal,
they will expect that at some future date you will return the favor.
Business in the Middle East
Specific Middle Eastern cultural expectations are sometimes difficult to identify because of the large
number of nations in this region. The number one rule you must learn to follow is not to offend the
religion of the person you are dealing with. This will require that you do your homework before
entering into any negotiation or business transactions. There are different political, tribal and
religious systems that you must understand. In all social and business transactions that include
eating a meal, it is essential that you follow the customs of the people with whom you are eating.
Violation of the rules of etiquette will adversely affect any business deal you are contemplating.
Business Responses
Western countries such as the United States, Britain and Germany are experiencing a large influx of
people from all parts of the world. These people bring their own cultural identity to the country they
are migrating to, and over time have significant influence on the culture of their new home. The
liberty people enjoy in the United States has allowed immigrants to maintain and strengthen cultural
values they brought from their country of origin. Businesses react to cultural differences by printing
instructions in more than one language, by allowing employees time off to celebrate their traditional
holidays and by allowing people to wear clothing items that allow them to identify publicly with their
cultural background.
Ethics relativism
Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture.
That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which
it is practiced. The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in
another.
Ethical relativism represents the position that there are no moral absolutes, no moral
right or wrong. This position would assert that our morals evolve and change with social norms over
a period of time. This philosophy allows people to mutate ethically as the culture, knowledge, and
technology change in society. Slavery is a good example of ethical relativism. Repeatedly the value
of a human being is determined by a combination of social preferences and patterns, experience,
emotions, and “rules” that seemed to bring about the most benefit
Virtue ethics
Virtue ethics is person rather than action based: it looks at the virtue or moral character of
the person carrying out an action, rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the
consequences of particular actions.
Virtue ethics not only deals with the rightness or wrongness of individual actions, it provides
guidance as to the sort of characteristics and behaviours a good person will seek to achieve.
In that way, virtue ethics is concerned with the whole of a person's life, rather than
particular episodes or actions
It's a useful theory since human beings are often more interested in assessing the character
of another person than they are in assessing the goodness or badness of a particular action.
This suggests that the way to build a good society is to help its members to be good people,
rather than to use laws and punishments to prevent or deter bad actions.
But it wouldn't be helpful if a person had to be a saint to count as virtuous. For virtue theory
to be really useful it needs to suggest only a minimum set of characteristics that a person
needs to possess in order to be regarded as virtuous
Principles
Virtue ethics teaches:
An action is only right if it is an action that a virtuous person would carry out in the same
circumstances.
A virtuous person is a person who acts virtuously
A person acts virtuously if they "possess and live the virtues"
A virtue is a moral characteristic that a person needs to live well.
Most virtue theorists would also insist that the virtuous person is one who acts in a virtuous
way as the result of rational thought (rather than, say, instinct).
Dimension of business ethics
Morality and legality are dimension of business ethics
Morality
Morality is the system through which we determine right and wrong
conduct -- i.e., the guide to good or right conduct
Ethics is the philosophical study of Morality
A theory is a structured set of statements used to explain (or predict) a set of facts or
concepts. A moral theory, then, explains why a certain action is wrong -- or why we
ought to act in certain ways. In short, it is a theory of how we determine right and
wrong conduct. Also, moral theories provide the framework upon which we think and
discuss in a reasoned way, and so evaluate, specific moral issues.
Seen in this light, it becomes clear that we cannot draw a sharp divide between moral
theory and applied ethics (e.g., medical or business ethics). For instance, in order to
critically evaluate the moral issue of affirmative action, we must not attempt to
evaluate what actions or policies are right (or wrong) independent of what we take to
determine right and wrong conduct. You will see, as we proceed, that we do not do
ethics without at least some moral theory. When evaluating the merits of some
decision regarding a case, we will always (or at least ought to always) find ourselves
thinking about how right and wrong is determined in general, and then apply that to
the case at hand. Note, though, that sound moral thinking does not simply involve
going one way -- from theory to applied issue. Sometimes a case may suggest that we
need to change or adjust our thinking about what moral theory we think is the best, or
perhaps it might lead us to think that a preferred theory needs modification.
Egoism
Right and wrong is determined by what is in your self-interest. Ethical
Egoism is usually based upon Psychological Egoism that we, by nature, act selfishly.
In philosophy, egoism is the theory that one’s self is, or should be, the motivation and the goal of
one’s own action. Egoism has two variants, descriptive or normative. The descriptive (or
positive) variant conceives egoism as a factual description of human affairs. That is, people are
motivated by their own interests and desires, and they cannot be described otherwise. The
normative variant proposes that people should be so motivated, regardless of what presently
motivates their behavior. Altruism is the opposite of egoism. The term “egoism” derives from
“ego,” the Latin term for “I” in English. Egoism should be distinguished from egotism, which
means a psychological overvaluation of one’s own importance, or of one’s own activities.
People act for many reasons; but for whom, or what, do or should they act—for themselves,
for God, or for the good of the planet? Can an individual ever act only according to her own
interests without regard for others’ interests. Conversely, can an individual ever truly act for
others in complete disregard for her own interests? The answers will depend on an account
of free will. Some philosophers argue that an individual has no choice in these matters, claiming
that a person’s acts are determined by prior events which make illusory any belief in choice.
Nevertheless, if an element of choice is permitted against the great causal impetus from nature,
or God, it follows that a person possesses some control over her next action, and, that, therefore,
one may inquire as to whether the individual does, or, should choose a self-or- other-oriented
action. Morally speaking, one can ask whether the individual should pursue her own interests,
or, whether she should reject self-interest and pursue others’ interest instead: to what extent are
other-regarding acts morally praiseworthy compared to self-regarding acts?
Utilitarianis theorym
Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on
the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies. As
such, it moves beyond the scope of one's own interests and takes into account the interests
of others.
Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on
the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies. As
such, it moves beyond the scope of one's own interests and takes into account the interests of
others
Deontologism theory
deontological ethics, in philosophy, ethical theories that place special
emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of human actions.
The term deontology is derived from the Greek deon, “duty,” and logos,
“science.” n deontological ethics an action is considered morally good
because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of
the action is good. Deontological ethics holds that at least some acts are
morally obligatory regardless of their consequences for human welfare.
Deontological ethics or deontology is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an
action based on rules. It is sometimes described as "duty-" or "obligation-" or "rule-" based ethics,
because rules "bind you to your duty." Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted
to consequentialism, virtue ethics, and pragmatic ethics. In this terminology, action is more important
click the link and download the full doc file
1.How cultural affect the ethics?
One of the most significant issues 21st century businesses will face is the differences that exist in
multicultural societies. Each culture has its own understanding of ethical behavior, and different
cultural standards may apply in the marketplace. Successful businesses have traditionally focused
their energy on marketing strategy, product development and pricing. The new realities of the 21st
century marketplace will force businesses to make allowance in all their operations for both a diverse
workforce, and a diverse customer base
Business In Japan
Companies contemplating operations in Japan should take some time to gain an understanding of
how culture affects business in Japan. For example, a Western business executive may use and
understand the phrase, "Let's not lose our heads," but her Japanese counterpart may be very
confused and bewildered by the use of such a phrase. Other expectations include removing your
shoes when expected by your host, not raising your voice or simply understanding that you should
accept a gift with two hands. Practical expectations include printing business cards with Japanese
on one side and English on the other, and displaying respect for the practice of consensus building
when making important decisions
Business in China
When doing business in China, it is wise to remember that ancient cultural practices are still
important to the Chinese business executive of the 21st century. The Chinese expect that each
person understands and complies with their proper place in society. The Chinese value the idea of
"saving face," which means that in any transaction you will do nothing that diminishes a person's
position or authority. The Chinese also follow the practice of granting favors to people with which
they have a relationship. If a Chinese businessperson grants you favored status in a business deal,
they will expect that at some future date you will return the favor.
Business in the Middle East
Specific Middle Eastern cultural expectations are sometimes difficult to identify because of the large
number of nations in this region. The number one rule you must learn to follow is not to offend the
religion of the person you are dealing with. This will require that you do your homework before
entering into any negotiation or business transactions. There are different political, tribal and
religious systems that you must understand. In all social and business transactions that include
eating a meal, it is essential that you follow the customs of the people with whom you are eating.
Violation of the rules of etiquette will adversely affect any business deal you are contemplating.
Business Responses
Western countries such as the United States, Britain and Germany are experiencing a large influx of
people from all parts of the world. These people bring their own cultural identity to the country they
are migrating to, and over time have significant influence on the culture of their new home. The
liberty people enjoy in the United States has allowed immigrants to maintain and strengthen cultural
values they brought from their country of origin. Businesses react to cultural differences by printing
instructions in more than one language, by allowing employees time off to celebrate their traditional
holidays and by allowing people to wear clothing items that allow them to identify publicly with their
cultural background.
Ethics relativism
Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture.
That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which
it is practiced. The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in
another.
Ethical relativism represents the position that there are no moral absolutes, no moral
right or wrong. This position would assert that our morals evolve and change with social norms over
a period of time. This philosophy allows people to mutate ethically as the culture, knowledge, and
technology change in society. Slavery is a good example of ethical relativism. Repeatedly the value
of a human being is determined by a combination of social preferences and patterns, experience,
emotions, and “rules” that seemed to bring about the most benefit
Virtue ethics
Virtue ethics is person rather than action based: it looks at the virtue or moral character of
the person carrying out an action, rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the
consequences of particular actions.
Virtue ethics not only deals with the rightness or wrongness of individual actions, it provides
guidance as to the sort of characteristics and behaviours a good person will seek to achieve.
In that way, virtue ethics is concerned with the whole of a person's life, rather than
particular episodes or actions
It's a useful theory since human beings are often more interested in assessing the character
of another person than they are in assessing the goodness or badness of a particular action.
This suggests that the way to build a good society is to help its members to be good people,
rather than to use laws and punishments to prevent or deter bad actions.
But it wouldn't be helpful if a person had to be a saint to count as virtuous. For virtue theory
to be really useful it needs to suggest only a minimum set of characteristics that a person
needs to possess in order to be regarded as virtuous
Principles
Virtue ethics teaches:
An action is only right if it is an action that a virtuous person would carry out in the same
circumstances.
A virtuous person is a person who acts virtuously
A person acts virtuously if they "possess and live the virtues"
A virtue is a moral characteristic that a person needs to live well.
Most virtue theorists would also insist that the virtuous person is one who acts in a virtuous
way as the result of rational thought (rather than, say, instinct).
Dimension of business ethics
Morality and legality are dimension of business ethics
Morality
Morality is the system through which we determine right and wrong
conduct -- i.e., the guide to good or right conduct
Ethics is the philosophical study of Morality
A theory is a structured set of statements used to explain (or predict) a set of facts or
concepts. A moral theory, then, explains why a certain action is wrong -- or why we
ought to act in certain ways. In short, it is a theory of how we determine right and
wrong conduct. Also, moral theories provide the framework upon which we think and
discuss in a reasoned way, and so evaluate, specific moral issues.
Seen in this light, it becomes clear that we cannot draw a sharp divide between moral
theory and applied ethics (e.g., medical or business ethics). For instance, in order to
critically evaluate the moral issue of affirmative action, we must not attempt to
evaluate what actions or policies are right (or wrong) independent of what we take to
determine right and wrong conduct. You will see, as we proceed, that we do not do
ethics without at least some moral theory. When evaluating the merits of some
decision regarding a case, we will always (or at least ought to always) find ourselves
thinking about how right and wrong is determined in general, and then apply that to
the case at hand. Note, though, that sound moral thinking does not simply involve
going one way -- from theory to applied issue. Sometimes a case may suggest that we
need to change or adjust our thinking about what moral theory we think is the best, or
perhaps it might lead us to think that a preferred theory needs modification.
Egoism
Right and wrong is determined by what is in your self-interest. Ethical
Egoism is usually based upon Psychological Egoism that we, by nature, act selfishly.
In philosophy, egoism is the theory that one’s self is, or should be, the motivation and the goal of
one’s own action. Egoism has two variants, descriptive or normative. The descriptive (or
positive) variant conceives egoism as a factual description of human affairs. That is, people are
motivated by their own interests and desires, and they cannot be described otherwise. The
normative variant proposes that people should be so motivated, regardless of what presently
motivates their behavior. Altruism is the opposite of egoism. The term “egoism” derives from
“ego,” the Latin term for “I” in English. Egoism should be distinguished from egotism, which
means a psychological overvaluation of one’s own importance, or of one’s own activities.
People act for many reasons; but for whom, or what, do or should they act—for themselves,
for God, or for the good of the planet? Can an individual ever act only according to her own
interests without regard for others’ interests. Conversely, can an individual ever truly act for
others in complete disregard for her own interests? The answers will depend on an account
of free will. Some philosophers argue that an individual has no choice in these matters, claiming
that a person’s acts are determined by prior events which make illusory any belief in choice.
Nevertheless, if an element of choice is permitted against the great causal impetus from nature,
or God, it follows that a person possesses some control over her next action, and, that, therefore,
one may inquire as to whether the individual does, or, should choose a self-or- other-oriented
action. Morally speaking, one can ask whether the individual should pursue her own interests,
or, whether she should reject self-interest and pursue others’ interest instead: to what extent are
other-regarding acts morally praiseworthy compared to self-regarding acts?
Utilitarianis theorym
Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on
the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies. As
such, it moves beyond the scope of one's own interests and takes into account the interests
of others.
Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on
the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies. As
such, it moves beyond the scope of one's own interests and takes into account the interests of
others
Deontologism theory
deontological ethics, in philosophy, ethical theories that place special
emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of human actions.
The term deontology is derived from the Greek deon, “duty,” and logos,
“science.” n deontological ethics an action is considered morally good
because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of
the action is good. Deontological ethics holds that at least some acts are
morally obligatory regardless of their consequences for human welfare.
Deontological ethics or deontology is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an
action based on rules. It is sometimes described as "duty-" or "obligation-" or "rule-" based ethics,
because rules "bind you to your duty." Deontological ethics is commonly contrasted
to consequentialism, virtue ethics, and pragmatic ethics. In this terminology, action is more important
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