CHAPTER 15 Lecture Notes:
PERSONALITY
Ø
Personality:
individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
o
Four basic perspectives:
1. Psychoanalytic
2. Trait
3. Humanistic
4. Social-cognitive
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5. Freud's theory: proposes that childhood sexuality and
unconscious motivations influence personality
Psychoanalytic
Perspective
Psychoanalysis
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Technique of treating psychological disorders by
seeking to expose and interpret 6. unconscious tensions
Ø
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality
sought to explain what he observed during psychoanalysis
Ø 7. Free Association
o
method of exploring the unconscious
o
person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind,
no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Ø 8. Unconscious
o
Freud’s theory:
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and
memories
o
Current theory:
information processing of which we are unaware
Ø
9. Preconscious: information that is not conscious, but is
readily retrievable into conscious awareness
Personality Structure
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10. ID: reservoir
of unconscious psychic energy
o
strives to satisfy 11.
basic drives
… sexual and aggressive
o
operates on the 12.
pleasure principle; demanding immediate
gratification
Ø
13. SUPEREGO: part of personality that represents 14. internalized
ideals
o
provides standards for judgment and for future
aspirations
Ø
15. EGO: largely conscious, 16.
"executive" part of personality
o
17. mediates
among the demands of the id, superego and ego
o
operates on the 18.
reality principle, satisfying the id's
desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
Personality
Development
Ø
Psychosexual Stages: childhood stages of
development during which the pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct
erogenous zones
Ø
19. Oedipus Complex: boy's sexual desires towards his mother and
feelings of jealousy and hatred for the “rival” father
Ø
20. Electra Complex: came later…. girl's sexual desires towards
her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the “rival” mother
Ø Freud's
Psychosexual Stages
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STAGE
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FOCUS
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21.
ORAL (0-18 months)
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Pleasure center on the
mouth … sucking, biting, chewing
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22.
ANAL (18-36 months)
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Pleasure focuses on bowel
& bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
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23.
PHALLIC (3-6 years)
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Pleasure zone is genitals;
coping with incestuous sexual feelings
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24.
LATENCY (6 to puberty)
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Dormant sexual feelings
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25.
GENITAL (puberty & on …)
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Maturation of sexual
interests
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Ø
26. Identification: the process by which children incorporate
their parents' values into their developing superegos
Ø
27. Gender Identity: one's sense of being male or female
Ø 28.
Fixation: a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking
energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved … nail
biters or gum chewers may be fixated in the Oral Stage.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Ø
29. Defense Mechanisms: the ego's protective methods of reducing
anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
o
30. Repression: basic
defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and
memories from consciousness
o 31.
Regression: individual retreats when faced with anxiety,
to a more infantile psychosexual stage where some psychic energy remains
fixated … college
freshman goes home for Thanksgiving, has mom wash clothes, fix favorite dinner,
tuck him in at night, etc……
o
32. Reaction
Formation: the ego
unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may
express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious
feelings.
o
33. Projection: people disguise their own threatening
impulses by attributing them to others
o
34. Rationalization: offers self-justifying explanations in place
of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
o
35. Displacement: shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward
a more acceptable or less threatening object or person .... when angry with
your parents, you kick a hole in your
bedroom door
NEO-FREUDIANS
ü
36. Alfred Adler: importance
of childhood social tension
ü
37. Karen Horney: sought to
balance Freud's masculine biases
ü
38. Carl Jung: emphasizes
collective unconscious … concept of a
shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
ASSESSING
THE UNCONSCIOUS
v
39. Projective
Test: personality test, such
as the Rorschach or T AT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger
projection of one's inner dynamics
v
40. Thematic
Apperception Test (TAT):
projective test in which people express their inner feelings and
interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
v
41. Rorschach
Inkblot Test: most widely used projective test, uses a set
of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach to identify people's inner
feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
TRAIT PERSPECTIVE
v
Trait:
characteristic pattern of behavior; a disposition to feel and act, as
assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
v
42. Personality Inventory: questionnaire (often with true-false or
agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide
range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
Ø
Big Five Personality Factors
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TRAIT
DIMENSION
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DESCRIPTION
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43. EMOTIONAL
STABILITY
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44. EXTRAVERSION
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45. OPENNESS
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46. AGREEABLE
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47. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
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Ø 48. Minnesota
v
The most widely researched and clinically used
of all personality tests
o
Originally developed to identify emotional
disorders (still considered its most appropriate use)
o
Now used for many other screening purposes
o
49. Empirically Derived Test: test developed by testing a pool of items and
then selecting those that discriminate between groups … similar to MMPI
EVALUATING
THE TRAIT PERSPECTIVE
Ø
Situational influences on behavior are important
to consider
Ø
People can fake 49.5 desirable responses on self-report measures of personality
Ø
Averaging behavior across situations seems to
indicate that people do have distinct personality traits
HUMANISTIC
PERSPECTIVE
Ø
50. Carl Rogers
(1902-1987): focused on growth and
fulfillment of individuals
§
Requires three conditions:
·
51. Genuineness
·
52. Acceptance- unconditional positive regard: an
attitude of total acceptance toward another person
·
53. Empathy
o
Self-
54. Concept: all of our thoughts and feelings about
ourselves, in an answer to the question "Who am I"?"
o
Self-
55. Esteem: one's feelings of high or low self-worth
o
Self- 56. Serving
Bias: a readiness to
perceive oneself favorably
o
57. Individualism: giving
priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in
terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
o
58. Collectivism: giving priority to the goals of one's group
(often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity
accordingly.
Contrasts Between
Individualism and Collectivism
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CONCEPT
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INDIVIDUALISM
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COLLECTIVISM
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SELF
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59. Independent
(identity from individual traits)
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59. Interdependent
(identity from belongings)
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LIFE TASK
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Discover and express one’s uniqueness
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Maintain connections
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WHAT MATTERS
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60. Me, personal achievement and fulfillment; rights and
liberties
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We, group goals and solidarity; social
responsibilities and relationships
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COPING METHOD
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61. Change reality
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62. Accommodate reality
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MORALITY
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Defined by individuals (self-based)
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Defined by 63. social networks (duty-based)
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RELATIONSHIPS
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Many, often temporary or casual;
64.
confrontation
acceptable
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Few, close and enduring;
65. harmony valued
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ATTRIBUTING BEHAVIOR
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Behavior reflects 66.
one’s
personality and attitudes
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Behavior reflects 67.
social norm
and roles
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EVALUATING THE HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
Ø
Concepts like self-actualization are 68. vague
Ø
Emphasis on self may promote self-indulgence and
lack of concern for others.
Theory does not
address reality of human capacity for 69. evil
Ø
Theory has impacted popular ideas on child
rearing, education, management, etc.
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE
PERSPECTIVE
Ø
Reciprocal Determinism: 70. interacting influences
between personality and environmental factors
Ø
Personal Control: 71. our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling
helpless
Ø
External Locus of Control: 72. perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's
personal control determine one's fate
Ø
Internal Locus of Control: 73. the perception that one controls one's own fate
Ø
Learned Helplessness: 74. hopelessness
and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated
aversive events
EVALUATING THE
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Ø
Built
from research on learning and cognition
Ø Fails
to consider 75. unconscious
motives and individual disposition
Today, 76.
cognitive-behavioral
theory is perhaps predominant psychological approach to explaining human
behavior
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